Wayne Jennings, education innovator, Oct. 22, 2010--The remedies are the problem in K-12: improvement instead of re-invention
Jennings does not have much faith that the system will change on its own. He cited the book Disrupting Class by Clayton M. Christensen, et al and its explanation of how Target could not have developed within the traditional operations of Dayton Hudson Corporation, but instead was created as its own autonomous entity reporting directly to the corporate board. See an illustration of this concept, taken from a book by Ted Kolderie, here: http://tinyurl.com/2d724uv.

Existing schools are trying to do exactly the things they do now, only do them better. It’s that kind of  ‘remedy’ that is the problem. In fact, as Ted Sizer pointed out,  “it’s hard to change much of the present system without changing everything. The result is paralysis.”

He suggested we think in terms of ‘just-in-time learning,’ so that students obtain the basic competence and skills to learn when required by the self-directed activity they are engaged in. The Internet provides a limitless resource of free, quality information. Expertly created YouTube videos explain math concepts in a few minutes, and the resources for science, history and other topics are virtually limitless. If teachers don’t need to do all the teaching, he asked, do we really need to have traditional schools when all this information is available?

Jennings described something he has done at schools before called ‘sparks.’ “We bring people in from the community to talk about their experiences, their interests, their lives, their challenges. One person brought in a huge dog, and talked about how much they eat, need to walk, what kind of shots it needs. A student might be “sparked” by such a discussion and get exited to learn more about veterinary science.” Some students have discovered major areas of interest and undertaken serious study of a topic as a result.

Michael O'Keefe, former Human Services commissioner, Aug. 27, 2010-- Virtual education has significant, widespread potential--To a question about virtual education, O’Keefe said he thinks it has huge potential to bring students rich experiences without having to first bring them together in person.

At the college of Art and Design he described a professor who taught via the internet from South Africa. The students were satisfied, he said, with a balance of internet-conferencing, faxing images to each other, and working face-to-face in groups on campus. “I was very surprised; it resulted in a quality experience.”

Even so, the application of technology has increased costs: “So far when new technologies have been added they haven’t reduced costs, as some had promised. I’d argue you have to change the system of teaching for that to happen.”

David Jennings, former House speaker, former school superintendent Aug. 20, 2010--Some schools are too large; some, too small--What can be done to improve education? The fact is, as in everything, there is an optimal organizational size for schools. Most districts like Minneapolis are too large. Many rural districts are too small. Somewhere in between there is an optimal size. I’m not sure what it is, but I’ll say 10,000 students. We ought to be moving toward that.

A participant asked Jennings whether he sees any practical ways to do that—to move toward ‘right-sizing’ a district. It would take years to do, he said; you’ve got to commit yourself to the years it would take to do it. Someone has to say these districts are too small, and these are too big—it has to be connected to what works best in the delivery of services for kids.

Charles Kyte, Minnesota Association of School Administrators, June 11, 2010--Minnesota's Promises report outlined--Kyte reminded the group of a report issued in 2008 by several education organizations in Minnesota, with recommendations on 10 elements of high performance, early childhood, educator quality, academic rigor, family and community involvement multicultural community, data and research, funding, time, special education and health and wellness. The report is available at: http://bit.ly/cpJRej. The report was chaired by Darlyne Bailey, dean, college of education, University of Minnesota, and Kyte, with Kent Pekel, executive director, college readiness consortium, University of Minnesota, as facilitator. The report's recommendations are as applicable today as they were in 2008, Kyte said.

Charles Kyte, Minnesota Association of School Administrators, June 11, 2010--New strategic discussions just getting under way--In various parts of the state, educators and community persons are starting strategic discussions on improving education, with encouragement and support from MASA, he said. Most often when such discussions commence, you will find non-educators--mainly from the metro area--thinking first about cutting administrative expenses and consolidating school districts.  But such ideas won't get you past first base in the rural areas, he said.

            Among exciting innovations he sees in rural Minnesota is a growing tendency for a blended approach of online learning and classroom learning.

            Rural districts are often better equipped to be flexible than are urban districts, he said. It's not unusual for a superintendent in a rural district to teach a class or drive a bus--which is unheard of in the metro area.

Charles Kyte, Minnesota Association of School Administrators, June 11, 2010--Why worry more about pushing under-performing teachers out the front door, when many more are voluntarily fleeing out the back door?--Kyte challenged the assumption that more teachers are leaving the system for other-than-traditional reasons.  Many teachers never planned to work more than five or seven years, he said. He went on to say, however, that teaching is not the highly esteemed occupation is once was.

Charles Kyte, Minnesota Association of School Administrators, June 11, 2010--Give more respect for more traditional testing, as against that mandated by the federal government--Responding to a question on testing, Kyte first referred to testing that has been going on for decades at schools in Minnesota. He cited a math test that is given three times a years, with teachers adjusting their approach to individual students based on results of each test. All "Q-comp" school districts are using this testing approach, he said  Q-comp is a voluntary program that allows local districts and exclusive representatives of the teachers to design and collectively bargain a plan that meets the five components of the law. The five components under Q Comp include: Career ladder/Advancement Options, Job-embedded Professional Development, Teacher Evaluation, Performance Pay, and an Alternative Salary Schedule

            Kyte said state schools are spending something like $25 million a year to administer tests required by the federal government. He contended the state could produce the same results for about $5 million, using the long-established state testing program

Ted Kolderie and Joe Graba, Education|Evolving, April 30, 2010--K-12 problems similar to those of other systems with utility characteristics --Kolderie opened: When you put education into context of other systems that had utility characteristics—the telephone system, postal service—you can see one after another hitting a wall. They found themselves unable to adjust to the changes in their customers and employees, unable to progress technologically, unable to control costs, unable to adjust fast enough to keep up with the changing needs of society or the economy.

“One after another went or are going through a major process of what we call ‘disruption,’ unable to respond to competition with a redesign of their own. This same experience by the way is about to occur with post secondary education.”

 Ted Kolderie and Joe Graba, Education|Evolving, April 30, 2010--No new model prescribed; instead, make innovation possible--The common trend of disruption is toward the unbundling of these systems. The question for K-12 has been how to respond. The effort of this paper is to advise K-12 how to respond. Instead of trying to prescribe a particular new model, the effort of this paper is to convince people to start a process of innovation. Let people in the schools try things that they think will work better.

“Out there in the policy world people normally take the existing arrangements as a given,” Kolderie said. When the famous paper ‘standards based reform’ appeared in 1990, it accepted as a given the public-utility arrangement ofK-12 education. Education|Evolving countered with the paper ‘The states will have to withdraw the exclusive,’ (http://tinyurl.com/239ntc2) which laid out the case for making it possible for entities other than the districts to create new schools; and so, for choice, and variability.

“The problem we see is that there’s a very widespread sense that huge changes in education are inevitable, and desirable, driven by digital electronics and young peoples’ capabilities.” But in policy there is still a pervasive notion that the key is to perfect traditional school. This means there are efforts underway now in the federal government, which has a role in K-12 now that it never had before, to push very hard for better people in teaching, more rigorous standards. They do this without raising any fundamental questions about ‘what is teaching,’ and what is achievement/performance. People are talking about ‘better school; not rethinking the definition of 'school'.’

“The assumption is that the technology of learning is teacher-instruction, almost , as if learning were a transitive verb.

 Ted Kolderie and Joe Graba, Education|Evolving, April 30, 2010--Traditional assumptions about education need to be challenged--In the nation’s efforts at improving school, the speakers argued, the fundamentals are not being challenged or changed. They fall along three lines.

First there is the approach to learning. The technology of teacher instruction is batch-processing, and necessarily uniform. “We liken it to a bus driving down the road, with everyone on board and the teacher pointing things out along the way. Everyone moves at the same pace, nobody is able to get off and pursue something further.” Second, people assume the traditional organization of a school as a boss/worker model. Third, especially in the current effort at national standards, people are very focused on conventional definitions of achievement.

In rethinking the approach to learning there is not so much resistance. “We were out at Education Week, the major industry weekly, and the current issue of their magazine about technology features an article about personalizing learning via electronics. There is an openness also to a testing of a professional model of school-organization. The big resistance comes when you suggest broadening the definition of achievement."

 Ted Kolderie and Joe Graba, Education|Evolving, April 30, 2010--Design is the issue, not performance--The big problem, where they meet resistance, is the sense that ‘we know now what works,’ and that it is just a matter of better execution.

“Education leaders in the country, and particularly those inside the education establishment, have had an unspoken assumption that what we have is a performance problem. What we have instead is a design problem.”

 Ted Kolderie and Joe Graba, Education|Evolving, April 30, 2010--OK to continue improving existing schools; but also allow innovation--The strategy E|E advocates is that of the ‘split screen’: continue to improve existing schools, while at the same time innovating with new and different ways of doing things.

The so-called early adopters will move into that innovative side of the system. It is all opt-in. Not everyone will want to go there. Those who want to do that—parents, students, teachers, school leaders—should be allowed to do that. Nobody should be forced to go to an innovative school, but nobody should prevent it from happening.

 Ted Kolderie and Joe Graba, Education|Evolving, April 30, 2010--Too many people are fixated on "real" school--The speakers met with Bill Tucker with the Education Sector upon first arrival, who warned that they would run into trouble because people in that town are not able to keep two things in their head. “There’s a very interesting professor over at Madison,” Kolderie recalled, “who says most people have in their mind a notion of what is ‘real school.’ It's a room, 30 students seated, a teacher in the front of the classroom, instructing.” That is the one way they see it. It is difficult to understand there are different ways to do things.

            The conventional model of school is pervasive. They met with Bill Galston, who used to be on staff at White House, and is at Brookings now. “He is adamant that no concept of innovation applies in K-12. Must not do that. The job is absolutely to perfect traditional school. Said that questioning our current definitions of achievement is absolutely the wrong way.”

 Ted Kolderie and Joe Graba, Education|Evolving, April 30, 2010--Too much emphasis on choice?--A member raised a concern about side effects of policies—in particular, in an age of choice it is difficult to keep neighborhood kids and/or groups of friends together through the years with so many options.

That is true, they agreed. It gets to the point, Kolderie said, that there are objectives parents have other than academics when choosing schools—important as academics are. It also emphasizes the need to operate a split screen strategy, as many people will still prefer the traditional district school.

 Ted Kolderie and Joe Graba, Education|Evolving, April 30, 2010--efusing to open the door to innovation is an unacceptable risk for kids' future--“We don’t have particular school designs that we promote as innovations,” Graba said, “but what we do have is a strategy. Our goal is to develop the policy framework that encourages and allows change to occur.”

Nobody knows how the innovations will work out, as innovation is a process. So the country needs a process to uncover new ways of doing things. “In a situation where the future is uncertain, what do you do?” Create space to maneuver, and try different things.

To insist the door to innovation need not be open represents a risk. “It’s not a necessary risk, and since it's not a necessary risk it is an unacceptable risk for policy makers to be taking with the country’s future, and other peoples’children.”

 Ted Kolderie and Joe Graba, Education|Evolving, April 30, 2010--This country will not be able to survive just by being proficient--A member asked the speakers where the standards push is coming from. Kolderie said the 'No Child Left Behind' law provided for the states to set the standards, and for the national government to enforce the accountability; as, declaring a school was not making "adequate yearly progress' (AYP). As schools failed to make AYP the states reduced their standards and/or their passing-scores, creating a "race to the bottom".

So now wanting to avoid the term ‘national standards,’ there are to be "common" standards. After that will come national assessment. There is a strong desire for this process to be completed; not to be questioned.

 Ted Kolderie and Joe Graba, Education|Evolving, April 30, 2010--An agenda for excellence, not just equity, is needed--Washington’s historical involvement with K-12 has been in the taking care of disadvantaged children. Then in 90’s through 2000’s they made major initiatives in leveraging title I money to get into influencing policy.

“There’s the equity end of public education, and NCLB has some very desirable aspects of it in the equity area. But our concern is that NCLB has so dominated the agenda out in the states that the agenda for excellence has moved off the table.”

A member asked whether the traditional school is the model that should be used to work on equity. Graba expressed deep skepticism, saying that, “We’ve been working at this since 1983, and we haven’t moved the needle hardly at all. It is quite possible innovation will be needed to implement the equity agenda.

“There has been so much focus getting students just up to the level of proficient, that it is regarded as off-target when people talk about what’s up there, beyond proficient. But this country will not be able to survive just on proficient. We do not believe that this country will meet its needs in economic competitiveness with only the equity agenda, important as it is.”

 Ted Kolderie and Joe Graba, Education|Evolving, April 30, 2010--Traditional learning style is squashing excellence--Motivation and specialization are key to achieving excellence. They both must be allowed for in the system, and encouraged. But the factory model of school is uniform. And uniformity produces mediocrity.

Graba added that he has come to believe that in addition to the performance questions, the current system is not economically sustainable.

David Clinefelter, Walden University, April 16, 2010--Distance learning has a long history--The advent of the Internet (with online education) has made major expansion of distance learning possible. Distance learning, both (for-profit and non-profit) has been present for years in the form of correspondence courses, Clinefelter said. 

 David Clinefelter, Walden University, April 16, 2010--Early experience at Graceland University--"When I was at Graceland, we had started a distance learning program in nursing—the first accredited program of its kind. At that time in the ‘80’s it was correspondence," he said. "When I became academic dean at Graceland we expanded our online offerings out from nursing. Then I migrated into the for-profit side. There had always been proprietary schools and career schools operating for-profit. Since the early days of our country there were schools like this, preparing people for trades and business. If you went to college it was to be a minister, doctor, or lawyer."

State Sen. Larry Pogemiller, Feb. 19, 2010-- K-12 Education should continue to open, and become increasingly consumer-driven--“I’m speaking only for myself here,” he said, pausing; “not my position, not my party.

“It is very clear that without the introduction of market forces in education we cannot get there. The system was built to last, and it’s lasting, despite outcomes. Early childhood and higher ed provide models,” for their openness and responsiveness to student and societal needs and for being consumer-driven. “As the citizenry gets more educated, we can put faith in parents to make decisions,” in early, primary, and secondary education."

“We’re creeping up on this in Minnesota,” he said, citing the progression of initiatives that have taken and kept the state at the front of structural changes in K-12. “post-secondary education options, open enrollment, chartering” all provide more options to their students and teachers," he said.

State Sen. Larry Pogemiller, Feb. 19, 2010--Impact of new technology on education--“We had a speaker recently,” the chair said, “who argues that new technologies are the future of education.” What/think?

“Technology has its place,” Pogemiller said. “That will happen. But I go back to Socrates—to Plato in his cave—we cannot, will never, replace the wise teacher.”

He thought some, paused, said: “But return on investment could be massive if we can personalize learning. And technology can make a contribution here,” moving the job of teaching from delivery of information to a mentoring, Socratic method.

He continued: “Make policy innovations now. Get K-12 out of this service-delivery model. Use early education and higher education to model for K-12. It is an access question—if a religious institution can provide early education let them.” Vouchers are okay. “It’s access.”

Curt Johnson, managing partner, Education|Evolving, Jan. 8, 2010--Recognizing and understanding the change underway in K-12 education--“We are seeing the exact same thing occur,” Johnson said of tech-enabled disruptions, “in K-12.” The non-consumers in public schools are most easily seen among those who have or are about to drop out. And this is a large pool. But upon closer inspection, the potential group of non-consumers becomes strikingly large: those seeking courses cut from schools in recent years; those seeking niche or advanced courses; home-schoolers; and students that are bored or otherwise uninterested and unengaged with traditional factory-model, teacher-centric schools.  It’s a market of considerable and growing size.

Disruptive technologies almost always bring a new business or operating model, with different cost structures.  School, as it is traditionally arranged, is becoming economically unsustainable, in that it has always relied on constantly expanding revenue; revenues did expand every year, for a long, long time, until the fall of 2008.  That upward trajectory of revenue may not resume under 21^st century realities. K-12 may have seen, Johnson said, it’s last real, new dollar. A caucus member observed that K-12 seems to be “the only information industry (he could) think of where the advent of digital electronics has been cost-increasing, not cost-decreasing.”  That’s because it was long treated as something to add-on, not a new platform to build on, Johnson said.

“It is important to get people to understand,” Johnson said referring to the fundamental shift underway in K-12, “that something we are all very familiar with in other areas of life is now happening in K-12 and higher ed. We have got to get people see that connection.”

“The pattern is consistent. A disruption begins by serving part of the market that is not presently being well-served.” He cited the transistor radio, and solid state television. “They appeal on lines of affordability, and are usually not very good at first. But they get better and better, and eventually eat into the market share of the enterprises that once had the market mostly to themselves.  Pick any industry you want, and you’ll see the same pattern.

Curt Johnson, managing partner, Education|Evolving, Jan. 8, 2010--Newest learning technologies are much higher quality than their predecessors--“See how the disruption is unfolding, as the first generation of education software and on-line efforts have moved from the primitive stage (when they barely mimicked the classroom experience) to nearly breath-taking quality.  Think of what’s emerging today as 3.0:  more robust, more interactive, more differentiated by learning style, easier to assess.  But the main difference is that it fits the way this generation learns; it’s natural for them.  It’s not ‘technology’ to this generation; it’s life.  Why should they ‘power down’ at the portal of the high school, to go inside to ‘watch teachers work?”

There are more than a dozen major firms now in this business, most with growth rates around 40 percent a year.  Pretty soon that’s going to produce a big number.  And the on-line schools are getting larger and more numerous as well.  Florida virtual school (http://www.flvs.net/Pages/default.aspx) has 77,000 students despite some roadblocks that lawmakers have created.

 Curt Johnson, managing partner, Education|Evolving, Jan. 8, 2010--Projected growth in on-line learning--“The electronic/online is now becoming better that what most students are presently getting,” Johnson observed. “We predict in the book that by about 2018 the majority of high school courses will be computer-based.”

In every industry you can plot the velocity of this sort of change; its growth takes the form over time of what analysts call an S-curve.  In the early stages (on the relatively flat entry point of the curve) complacency is the rule because change looks so gradual. But at some inflection point, it takes off like a rocket and people look around and say ‘what happened.’  That’s about to happen in K-12.

 Curt Johnson, managing partner, Education|Evolving, Jan. 8, 2010--Importance of addressing achievement gaps--“There is much talk, and rightly so, about the achievement gap between the lowest performers and the highest in our society. But I’d like to draw attention to the other achievement gap, which is just as important—the gap between our top students and global competition, and the gap between high-potential students and how they do now.”

Johnson mentioned a story that his colleague Joe Graba sometimes tells, from his days as a biology teacher. “I’d know within a few days,” Graba will say, “who in that class could be done with the material by Christmas time, but we’d make them sit through the whole year because we didn’t have anything else for them to take after Christmas.”

 Curt Johnson, managing partner, Education|Evolving, Jan. 8, 2010--Value of personalized learning--“It is absolutely necessary,” Johnson implored, “to personalize learning, if we are to reach the kids we’re now losing.” And now for the first time, because of digital electronics and the new school models they enable, this is possible.

There are concerns that electronics are too isolating, too atomizing. “But the MacArthur Foundation (and every subsequent study) has in fact found the opposite,” Johnson asserted. They have found that information technologies enable an entirely new level, and new type, of social engagement. This is counter-intuitive. It is not only that new technologies are qualitative better, but they are fundamentally different than anything we’ve seen before. Teachers affirm that they have a closer relationship with students on-line than they ever experienced in a traditional classroom.

Curt Johnson, managing partner, Education|Evolving, Jan. 8, 2010--New technology's impact on number and range of options--In addition to personalizing learning, new technologies will increase the number and range of options available to students and to parents. In order to incorporate the electronics that have become ubiquitous in the lives of young people and young adults, schools need to be designed differently.

Curt Johnson, managing partner, Education|Evolving, Jan. 8, 2010--Where standards fit in personalized learning--A member asked where testing fits into all this? “We need to have high standards,” Johnson replied, “though if we have high standards then we cannot have high-stakes tests.  If we insist on high-stakes tests, then we’re destined to have low standards, because politics will not tolerate high rates of failure. As Bob Wedl, a colleague, says, “Uniform standards must be uniformly low.”

 Curt Johnson, managing partner, Education|Evolving, Jan. 8, 2010--Limitations of standards--This situation illuminates the fundamental flaw of the preoccupation with standards as a means for improving performance: Students do not learn from standards. “Testing can be very beneficial as formative assessments,” Johnson commented, “but how we use it now is a distraction that devours resources and distorts the focus of the enterprise.”

Curt Johnson, managing partner, Education|Evolving, Jan. 8, 2010--The notion of ‘Separate space’ is key, if we are to expect real change --

Back to the design of the K-12 system, Johnson recalled a visit some Education|Evolving associates had a few years back with Bruce Dayton, of the former Dayton-Hudson Corporation and now Target Corp. “They could see how the department store model was declining, ” Johnson said. Bruce Dayton remembers their conclusion that the department store was a “dying breed of cat.” So they set up a separate enterprise to get the corporation into discount retailing. “The most important thing he said they did was not to have the new upstart retail chain report to the department store management.”  Those executives would have sucked the differences back into the standard department store business model (think Saturn and General Motors). “Remember, the most important things all this research shows is you can manage through disruption only through separate space and radical autonomy,” Johnson said.

For an annotated illustration of the Dayton-Hudson/Target model for disruptive innovation, see the graphic here: http://thewrittenleague.googlepages.com/The-Target-Model.pdf.

“Where is this open sector in K-12?” a member asked. “Charter, district self-governed schools, and increasingly online,” Johnson replied.

Al Quie and Martin Sabo, Dec. 11, 2009--Put parents first, not the educational institution--Both of you have strong views, the chair came in. But what I’ve heard from you is not new. What kind of changes would be helpful in solving the long-term problem?

            “Education is a must,” Quie said, beginning with pre-k. “You cannot have an education system where students are lost in the early years.” And the size of schools. “When you see Minneapolis Public Schools closing some buildings to fill others, that’s putting the institution first. Parents aren’t involved. The community is not a part of the schools. Going into some schools the security is like a prison—but not for some schools, like Hiawatha Leadership Academy that I visited last year.” He emphasized the need for local, community-based parental leadership in schools.

            Quie suspects there are ways to staff differently, more creatively. As the Governor must put the state first, education leadership must put the students first—ahead of the system. He recalled becoming the president of a non-profit organization. “As I walked around with the CFO  looking at the flow of the organization.” It was obvious, it was obvious we could redesign. We could cut three employees and serve people better. “When you are protecting the institution you don’t see that.”

Tim Penny, former member of Congress, July 17, 2009--Priorities needed on education--You are asking the right question if you're wondering whether early childhood, K-12, and higher education ought to all be treated alike, or if one should be given higher priority, he said.   He likes emphasis on accessibility for early childhood and on alternatives to traditional school districts.  He said it appears the Legislature has decided to let higher education tuition rise, without sufficient financial aid for the needy.

State Sen. Terri Bonoff, July 10, 2009--Developments in "Teach for America"--Diane Flynn, who lives in the Bay area of San Francisco, near Stanford University, said that 40 percent of this spring's Stanford grads have no jobs.  She cited great job opportunity in "Teach for America".  Teach for America (http://www.teachforamerica.org/mission/index.htm) recruits outstanding recent college graduates and working professionals from all backgrounds and career interests to commit to teach for at least two years in urban and rural public schools.

C.  Conversation with Terri Bonoff--The group moved on to discussion with State Sen. Terri Bonoff, Minnetonka.  Verne and Paul introduced Bonoff, Democrat, who was elected to the State Senate in a special election in 2005.  A resident of Minnetonka, and graduate of Clark University, Bonoff formerly served on the Minnetonka Planning Commission.  She is a former marking executive with Navarre Corporation.   Bonoff had agreed to meet with the Civic Caucus to discuss education during the 2009 legislative session, but a family emergency made it necessary to postpone meeting with the Civic Caucus.   During Bonoff's comments and in discussion with the Civic Caucus the following points were raised:

State Sen. Terri Bonoff, July 10, 2009-- Improving education--Bonoff said she carried a Teach for America bill, which passed the Senate but died in the House.  She blamed opposition from the teachers' union.   Bonoff said that the business side of school districts needs significant improvement.  You'd not see every Target store applying its own unique structure for keeping track of revenues and expenditures, but something similar to that prevails in schools, where school districts all have different revenue-expenditure systems, Bonoff said.

Dane Smith, president, Growth and Justice, May 1, 2009--Growth and Justice at the capitol--The group is working on two initiatives presently, at the capitol. The first has to do with their 2008 report Smart Investments for Minnesota Students, represented in the House and Senate by HF1188 and SF954, respectively. Traces of each are found in the E-12 omnibus bills.

Their second initiative this session involves promoting the notion that there are no silver bullets to our state’s economic problems but, getting back to the idea of system-design, there are strategies.

On education a Caucus member notes that their call for implementing proven strategies “presupposes you have an education program that can be responsive.”

“Very true,” Dane responded, adding that “Results of our public education system are impressive” outside of the most dire spots. He said that he is encouraged by movements to “de-institutionalize” schools, opening up online options in addition to other forms of innovation. He is unsure to what degree information technologies can be a solution.

Dane cited a report recently released by Public Strategies Group (PSG) out of Saint Paul, outlining ideas for improving government. The report was commissioned by local foundations in response to the economic crisis, and can be found at: www.citizensleague.org/bottomline.

State Rep. Mindy Greiling, April 24, 2009--Support for customized learning--Responding to a question about greater use of computers to provide customized learning, Greiling said she has read Clayton Christensen's book Disrupting Class.  A modest provision to support on-line learning is included in the House bill, she said.   She senses more support for on-line that provide essential supplements for some students, instead of replacing teachers with on-line learning.

Curt Johnson, Education|Evolving, April 10, 2009--An unconventional approach to innovation--Today's discussion for education invites readers to adjust their thinking.  It's a cooperative proposal that invites school boards, the administration, and the teachers union to agree in advance.  Under this proposal no one is ordered to do anything. It’s all about opportunity.  Under the proposal advanced by Education|Evolving, innovative, relatively autonomous schools are authorized but may be set up only with the consent of the local school board, the administration and the local teachers union. 

 Curt Johnson, Education|Evolving, April 10, 2009--Stimulating zones of innovation within school districts--The vanguard of educational improvement around the nation is now shifting to emerging innovation in new kinds of schools set up within school districts around the county, Johnson said.  This is happening across the country, from Boston to Los Angeles, he said. Education|Evolving is working on setting up a national meeting later this year that will, for the first time, bring together in one place the best examples of innovation within school districts.

 Curt Johnson, Education|Evolving, April 10, 2009--Opening up school districts in Minnesota to more innovation--Johnson has seen plenty of evidence of what he calls "impulse and temptation" but not enough action within Minnesota.  He then outlined an initiative by Education|Evolving that is being considered by the 2009 Legislature (HF 751 and SF 486).  This bill, which is totally voluntary for school districts, would allow new self-governed schools to be established by school districts and be exempt from the same laws as are charter schools.  If this legislation is enacted, agreement would be necessary by the local school board and the teachers' union.

Johnson said that a number of legislators have emerged as major champions for a more innovative approach to Minnesota schools; Rep. John Benson, R-Minnetonka and Rep. David Bly, D-Northfield have been key players in the House, with consistent support and cooperation from Education Finance Committee chair Mindy Grieling. In the Senate, Sen. Kathy Saltzman, D-Stillwater has emerged as a major player. Johnson also commended Commissioner Alice Seagren and her staff, as well as the governor’s legislative team for their assistance in advancing this initiative.

            Johnson said much of the energy and enthusiasm for this bill comes from teachers who declare they want to start and run schools themselves. The authority that a teacher-governed school within a school district must receive was imbedded in a 2005 site management law, but that law only described a process and addressed only converting existing schools to a different model.  This year’s bill spells out what autonomy means:  including selection of staff, decisions about what learning model to use, control over money and budget, and how schools are to be judged on performance and achievement.  Such schools would be closed if they failed to live up to their agreements. And if a board were to arbitrarily close such a school without cause, the school would have the right to become a chartered school and continue operations – sort of a poison-pill provision to assure good faith agreements. Teachers would continue to be employees of the district, operate under state tenure laws and would continue to be members of the teachers union.

   Curt Johnson, Education|Evolving, April 10, 2009--Some school districts are ready to go--Considerable support is present in Minneapolis, Johnson said, where the school board, administration, and teachers union are ready to go, with group of teachers ready to propose new self-governed schools.  In addition to considerable support from Minneapolis, Johnson said that superintendents in several suburban school districts have indicated their support, as have several superintendents (and teachers) in rural Minnesota, especially in districts enduring declines in enrollment where there is a strong sense of a need for a richer diversity of learning opportunities.

Curt Johnson, Education|Evolving, April 10, 2009--Need for non-governmental new schools agency--Both for charter schools and new district schools there is a need for a new non-governmental statewide agency to conduct research, raise funds, and provide technical assistance to new school start-ups, Johnson said.  Most funds for such an agency would be raised privately, he said.  EE’s bills call this new agency NewSchoolsMinnesota.

Curt Johnson, Education|Evolving, April 10, 2009--  Reference made to Disrupting Class--In response to a question Johnson said he indeed was heavily involved as co-author with Clayton Christensen, Harvard professor, in writing the book Disrupting Class, which outlines in detail how individualized learning by computer is rapidly spreading across the nation.  Johnson also made mention of Century of the City, a book just published by the Rockefeller Foundation, co-authored by Neal Peirce and Johnson.

Curt Johnson, Education|Evolving, April 10, 2009--New kinds of motivation for teachers--Teachers who have the opportunity to run their own schools work harder than they ever imagined they would but do so with great satisfaction, Johnson said.  He urged people to take note of Who Controls Teachers' Work? Power and Accountability in America's Schools, by Richard Ingersoll, professor, Graduate School of Education,  The University of Pennsylvania.     

            A chart prepared by Ingersoll reveals that the rate of teacher turnover varies inversely with the amount of influence teachers have over student discipline and tracking.

Curt Johnson, Education|Evolving, April 10, 2009--Important policy changes in Minnesota--Johnson reviewed significant changes for school choice in Minnesota, beginning in the mid-1980s with giving high schoolers the opportunity to take college courses, continuing on with open enrollment and then to the first charter school law in the nation in 1991.   The new schools initiative this year, he said, can open an entirely new chapter on effective schooling.  Unfortunately, the national discussion seems to focus more on standardization.

MN House Speaker Margaret Anderson Kelliher, Feb. 6, 2009--Education and the session: Q-Comp, legislation--There is not enough data available yet, Kelliher said, to assess the performance of Q-Comp. In a time of budget crisis though, the Governor wants to continue to fund--and expand funding--for this program. That doesn't make sense.  The Governor has proposed major expansion of Q-Comp, a voluntary program that allows local districts and exclusive representatives of the teachers to design and collectively bargain a plan that meets the five components of the law.

            The chair brought up legislation from Education|Evolving, reflecting a major initiative for new school creation. In four bills it places primary emphasis on giving districts tools to create new schools, with autonomies similar to the charter sector. All bills will be introduced by the middle of the month. All legislation is bipartisan.

            The Speaker remarked that she had not yet seen the legislation, but is very interested.

            Kelliher commented that charter schools have their own problems, and are in cases not living up to their lofty rhetoric. Some have had management problems. A Caucus member suggested that this would call then for a strengthening of sponsors, as opposed to a moratorium on future creation of new schools. “We are dealing with people,” though, Kelliher responded. We cannot afford to fail with new schools.

The study, published by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, shows that Minnesota's students are outperformed by only four of 36 countries in fourth-grade math, five of 49 countries in eighth-grade math, one of 36 countries in fourth-grade science and four of 49 countries in eighth-grade science.

The most encouraging results are the fourth-grade math scores, Bartholomew said. Minnesota's fourth-graders improved their performance at more than three times the rate of the entire United States.

Math gains are due to rigorous state math standards that are based on international standards of what kids should be taught, and increased time spent on math instruction, he said.

While the international test results are promising, other recent results have been cause for concern.  State test results released in August showed that only about four of 10 Minnesota students can be labeled "proficient" in science. And educators statewide have been concerned about the state 11th-grade math test, where only one-third of students were deemed proficient last spring.

 For more information on the study, go to:  http://www.mnbp.com/news.cfm?nid=43.

During questions Bartholomew said that the study was based on a representative sampling of students throughout the state.   One reason for improved math performance between 1995 and 2007 is that teachers are using the state’s math standards which help focus and provide consistency in what is taught, he said.

 Jim Bartholomew, Minnesota Business Partnership, Dec. 19, 2008--High school graduation rates illustrate a serious problem in achievement—Statewide, Minnesota high school graduation rates for the class of 2007 were 73.1 percent.  However, the racial-ethnic breakdown of that data illustrates a significant problem, with one grouping, American Indians, one-half the statewide rate, Bartholomew said. 

                                                                        2007 graduation rate

            Statewide, all students                           73.1 percent

            White, non-Hispanic                             79.5 percent

            Asian                                                    65.8 percent

            Black                                                   40.5 percent

            Hispanic                                               39.8 percent

            American Indian                                   36.8 percent

Source:  http://www.tccompass.org/education/key_measures.php?km=HighSchoolGraduation

Bartholomew said the data indicate to him that we've not sufficiently customized our instructional practices to meet the needs of all kids. A Civic Caucus member wondered whether too much attention has been focused on giving students a college experience, instead of preparing all students for the job market.  Is technical training being downplayed, the member asked?

Jim Bartholomew, Minnesota Business Partnership, Dec. 19, 2008--Recommendations expected within 45 days from business group cooperative study—Bartholomew said that the MBP, in cooperation with the Itasca project, a business-related group, will likely issue their new report on aligning Minnesota’s K-12 system with international best practices within the next 45 days.  Bartholomew outlined a few findings of the report to date:

                        a.  It’s not fundamentally about money—The main problem isn’t how much money is being spent on education, Bartholomew said.  The USA spends much more money than many other countries that are performing better on education.  The problem lies in how the money is spent.

                        b.  Changes needed in quality of teachers and leadership of schools—Schools need well-articulated goals and expectations, and well-qualified teachers in classrooms.   Achievement is only limited by the qualified people who work with the kids, he said.  It's not that kids, regardless of background, can't learn, he said

                        c.  Need to link experience with the best schools—The problem isn’t one of finding where education is working.  We know where the best schools are.  The missing link is how to create the changes that need to occur to emulate those schools. 

                        d.  Pre-K is very important—Bartholomew agreed with others who are contending that early childhood education is very important in preparing children to learn.

                        e.  Customization is important—Schools have not adapted well to changing demographics.   He said he's not sure specifically whether customization should follow a model recommended by Clayton Christensen in his book "Disrupting Class".  Bartholomew acknowledged that online learning is exploding and will play a critical role in the near future.  He cited what is happening in higher education, with Capella University as an example.

Jim Bartholomew, Minnesota Business Partnership, Dec. 19, 2008--Four key ingredients identified--In developing education policies, Bartholomew said the MBP uses four key principles: (1) defining expectations (2) measuring progress (3) giving flexibility to design of curriculum, and (4) giving families choices.

            Questioned further about characteristics of great schools, internationally, Bartholomew said the schools are primarily, but not uniformly, public schools.  Pre-school education is important.  In response to a question, he said he didn't know specifically how special education is handled those schools, relative to Minnesota.

Tim McDonald, Education|Evolving, Dec. 19, 2008--Is education the only area responsible for closing the achievement gap?--A Civic Caucus member asked whether other areas such as housing and health care aren't important in helping all students succeed.   Many children are behind the starting line when they first come to school, and we expect education by itself to bring everyone up to speed, the member said.   McDonald said that one can't expect the schools to become social service agencies.  But what we do know is that with smaller schools, with teachers empowered, and with parental and community involvement, that students can learn, regardless of background.

            The tendency has been to add on: counselors, social workers, breakfast, before and after school programming, extended day and calendar. We are making a system that is already heavy and inefficient even more so. He said that this approach is not financially viable, or efficient. These financial problems we face are a symptom of a problem with design. The root problem of perennial deficits has never been legislative appropriation. What is ‘adequate’ funding? Operating expenses of district K-12 have been rising at three times the CPI for at least a decade. The business model is no longer viable. We have been focusing efforts almost entirely on the symptom, not the disease.

Joe Nathan, HHH Institute, University of Minnesota, Dec. 12, 2008-- There's no mystery to improving educational achievement--We already know enough to bring virtually all low-achieving, disadvantaged minority children up the achievement level of whites, Nathan said.  No change in theory is involved, just changes in expectations and practice, he said, citing the work done in Cincinnati Public Schools between 2000 and 2007. As described in an October, 2007 Star Tribune column and an Education Week column in January 2008, the district

·         Increased overall high school graduation rates by 10% and

·          Eliminated the graduation gap of almost 20% between white and African American students. 

More info available at

www.centerforschoolchange.org/gates-high-schools/gates-cincinnati.html 

Cincinnati’s progress involved a number of things, including clear, focused, explicit goals, learning from the most effective schools serving low income students, whether district or charter public schools, strong collaboration between schools and other community groups including businesses, universities and others, competition from the charter movement, collaboration with the local teachers union, willingness to hold building principals accountable, focused, ongoing staff development, and some outside funding to help make the above possible.

               Nathan also cited as “extremely valuable, a New York Times Sunday Magazine article by Paul Tough,   “What It will 
Really
take to close the Achievement Gap” that appeared in the New York Time Sunday Magazine, November 26, 2006  
(www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/magazine/26tough.html Excerpts from the article:

Referring to the “small but growing number of successful schools like KIPP and Amistad,” Tough wrote

"The evidence is now overwhelming that if you take an average low income child and put him into an average American public school,

he will almost certainly come out poorly educated.  What the small but growing number of successful schools demonstrate is that the public school system accomplish that result because we have built it that way. We could also decide to create a different system, one that educators most (if not all) poor minority students to high levels of achievement….it is within reach."

The KIPP, Amistad/Achievement First schools “are not racially integrated.  Most of the 70 or so schools that make up their networks have only one or two white children enrolled, or none at all…the schools “tend to follow three practices:

·         They require more hours of class time than a typical public school.

·         They treat classroom instruction and lesson planning as much as a science as an art.  Explicit goals are set for each year, month and day of class, and principals have considerable authority to redirect and even remove teachers who aren’t meeting these goals

·         They make a conscious effort to guide the behavior and even the values of their students by teaching what they call character…the schools are in the end a counterintuitive combination of touch feely idealism and intense discipline.

 Joe Nathan, HHH Institute, University of Minnesota, Dec. 12, 2008--No one tool will do the entire job--Just as is building a house, Nathan said, no one tool will do the job.  He highlighted changes in Minnesota that have helped, including post-secondary options, school choice, and charter schools.

Joe Nathan, HHH Institute, University of Minnesota, Dec. 12, 2008--Key characteristics for success--Nathan outlined key characteristics of schools exhibiting significant student achievement:

                        --Small in size

                        --Clear, formal, explicit objectives that are understood by everyone

                        --Involving the students in some kind of community service

                        --Partnerships with community institutions, such as universities

                        -- Accountability for results

                        -- Strong development of character in students as well as academic learning

 Joe Nathan, HHH Institute, University of Minnesota, Dec. 12, 2008--Examples of successful schools--Nathan distributed a 68-page booklet, "Smaller, Safer, Saner Successful Schools" authored by Nathan and Sheena Thao of the Center for School Change that describes 22 schools around the country, including City Academy, St. Paul; Minnesota New Country School, Henderson, MN; Northfield Community Resource Center, Northfield, MN; Perham Area Community Center, Perham, MN, and School of Environmental Studies, Apple Valley, MN  He singled out a few other schools in the report from elsewhere in the nation:

             Frederick Douglass Academy, Harlem, New York City, a grades 7-12 district  school with 1,450 students, from which 90 percent graduate within four years, compared to a city-wide average of 50 percent           

            Withrow University High School, Cincinnati, OH, a district public school with no admissions requirements with more than 700 students, about 90 percent of whom are African-American and about half are low income.  Test scores and graduation rates at this school top many suburban schools.

            KIPP Academy, Bronx, New York, with 250 students, grades 5-8. KIPP schools,

including one in Minneapolis that started in 2008, are free, open-enrollment, college-preparatory public schools with a track record of preparing students in underserved communities for success in college and in life, according to the KIPP website.  The Minneapolis school, at 1601 Laurel Avenue, is partly supported by the Pohlad Family Foundation.

            Nathan also cited Minnesota’s pioneering Post Secondary Enrollment Options Law (PSEO). This law allows high school juniors and seniors to take college courses while still in high school, with state funds following them, paying their tuition, lab and book fees.  CSC research in 2005 found that more than 90% of participating students would do this over again, and thought very highly of the program. Many school districts have responded to the PSEO by increasing the number of AP, IB and College in the Schools courses.  CSC research also found that low income students and students of color are underrepresented in PSEO.  The “Stretching Minds and Resources: 20 Years of Post-Secondary Enrollment Options in Minnesota,” can be found at:

www.centerforschoolchange.org/post-secondary-options-awareness-and-opportunity/index.html

            With support from Pohlad, Wallin, and Best Buy Foundations and the University, the CSC has worked closely with a number of community groups to increase the # of students of color and low-income students participating in PSEO.  In the last 3 years, there have been double digit increases in participation rates (including almost 50% increase in number of African Americans participating). There is still a lot of work to do but the Center thinks this is a very valuable part of the way to help more low income youngsters afford and be ready for some form of post-secondary education.

 Joe Nathan, HHH Institute, University of Minnesota, Dec. 12, 2008--Importance of mentoring educators--Responding to a Civic Caucus member who noted that mentors can be very helpful to struggling students, Nathan agreed.   He went on to discuss another form of mentoring, that of mentoring educators.   The latest project for the Center for School Change is the "Minnesota Leadership Academy for Charter and Alternative Public Schools", which opened this fall in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Education.   Each enrollee in the academy has two mentors, a successful business executive and a successful school leader.  The academy is described in a Washington Post article, December 4, 2008, "7 Habits of Highly Ineffective Principals".

www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/05/AR2008120500863.html

            A top executive at a major local corporation noted the importance of making a corporation's goals and means to achieve those goals absolutely clear to new employees, Nathan said.  The executive went on to say that a school leader must do more than simply hand a curriculum to a new teacher.  The teacher needs to clearly understand the system's goals and expectations at the outset.

 Joe Nathan, HHH Institute, University of Minnesota, Dec. 12, 2008--  Customized curriculum versus standardized curriculum--Asked to respond to a recent book, "Disrupting Class", by Clayton M. Christensen, calling for more on-line customized curriculums for students, Nathan replied that many schools are out-of-phase with their youth.   Although emerging technology has had many impacts on our culture, many schools still operate in much the same way they did 30-50 years ago. While there are exceptions, many schools still have 28-35 students in a class with a teacher; many schools still have computer labs (Nathan asked if it was appropriate to have a pencil lab – a room where students would go to use pencils?) Nathan believes technology is under-employed in many schools, to truly customize learning, as well as to enhance and increase what educators can do.

 Nathan is impressed with some on-line schools, which are attracting a growing number of elementary and secondary students.  However, he has not done a careful study of their impact, and does not know of research comparing how much progress schools make in conventional and on-line schools. 

 Joe Nathan, HHH Institute, University of Minnesota, Dec. 12, 2008--Concern over preserving innovation--Nathan said he fears that current budgetary limitations will prompt educators to pressure the Legislature scuttle innovations such as Post Secondary Enrollment Options and charter schools.   Nathan said the threat is very serious (reinforced by legislative testimony the following week from the state teachers’ union, school boards and superintendents organizations. One or more of these groups are asking for

* Not permitting any new charters in communities where there is discussion of consolidation or closing schools

* Moratorium on number of charters

* Requiring charter directors to be credentialed (describe the success of people like Eric Mahmond and Bill Wilson, who are not licensed administrators, and the success around the country of many other charters who do not have licensed administrators.

*   Some individuals and groups within education are extremely hostile to PSEO, open enrollment and charter public schools.  He asked Civic Caucus members who support these programs to contact him.

            To illustrate the importance of preserving innovation, Nathan cited an example of a high school student who was supervising 20 McDonald's employees and yet was being treated as a 10-year-old in the student's traditional high school.   The student decided to participate in Post-Secondary Enrollment Options, in part because he was treated as an adult.  CSC research 3 years ago found that more than 110,000 Minnesota students have used PSEO, and more than 90% of them say them would do it again if given the opportunity.  Minnesota school districts have responded to competition from PSEO by creating hundreds of new, challenging courses – AP, IB, College in the Schools, etc.  However, some high schools continue to resist PSEO, and have tried to limit it through legislative action.

Joe Nathan, HHH Institute, University of Minnesota, Dec. 12, 2008--Importance of coalitions--A variety of groups and interests ought to get together to fend off efforts to get rid of innovations, Nathan said.  He suggested that groups like the Citizens League, the Civic Caucus, the Leagues of Women Voters, the Chambers of Commerce and other business organizations and groups representing and advocating on behalf of low income families and families of color should work together in 2009.

Joe Nathan, HHH Institute, University of Minnesota, Dec. 12, 2008--Doing more to train and retain top teachers--Its extremely unfortunate that schools must use seniority as a basis for layoffs, Nathan said, when the result is that top-flight teachers are among the first to go.  He cited some CSC research about state teachers of the year, which showed 3 of the 20 teachers of the years they surveyed were laid off due to low seniority.  He's anxious to work with the Bush Foundation and others who are working to improve the quality of the teaching staff. 

Joe Nathan, HHH Institute, University of Minnesota, Dec. 12, 2008--Analysis versus anecdote: One CC member asked if Nathan relied too much on anecdotes, and not enough on hard data.  Nathan responded that he tried to find the best available research and share that, as well as help generate useful data.  His experience through writing newspaper columns and testifying is that the public often responds best to a combination of anecdote and data.  That is what he tries to provide.  But he also thinks careful evaluation is vital – including that showing some charters are not succeeding.  This is part of the reason he favors replicating outstanding district and charters.  He has seen many examples of how this was done, in ways that benefit youngsters.

John Hamann and Joann Knuth, MN Secondary School Principals Association, Dec. 5, 2008--Are changes needed?--A Civic Caucus member inquired whether, if the system isn't working, is more money needed or a change in how students are being educated.  Knuth said that more money is needed.  The coalition of education organizations, PS Minnesota, commissioned a report on our state’s public education funding.  It expanded the work of an Education Task Force, appointed by Governor Pawlenty, which determined that Minnesota schools are under-funded by $2 billion per year.  Greiling’s and Bonoff’s bill, the new “Minnesota Miracle,” addresses this funding shortfall in a systemic way over time. Knuth replied that education is not a separate entity outside of the political, economic, and social realm.  She thinks that education will probably be asked to share in the challenge of balancing the state’s budget deficit.

John Hamann and Joann Knuth, MN Secondary School Principals Association, Dec. 5, 2008--Is curriculum customized or standardized?--Hamann was asked about the claim by Clayton M. Christensen in his book "Disrupting Class" that public schools aren't sufficiently customizing the curriculum for students and that, consequently, more and more young people are turning to on-line courses, outside the public schools, to receive a customized curriculum.   Hamann replied that customization already is going on.  In a typical classroom of 20 students, there probably are seven or eight methods a teacher is using, depending upon the individual student. 

            He also said that schools in southwestern Minnesota, where his school is located, are using computers to implement long distance learning for special classes such as Chinese that a few individual students want but can't receive at their own school.

John Hamann and Joann Knuth, MN Secondary School Principals Association, Dec. 5, 2008--Developing small communities within a larger school--Responding to a question, Knuth said that both Minneapolis and St. Paul already have created small communities within larger high schools.  The “4R’s” are central to the academic success of students: rigor, relevance, relationships, and results.  She believes that relationships are most critical to student success and are a key goal of smaller learning communities, as found in St. Paul, Minneapolis and other districts with large secondary schools.  These schools seek to personalize the learning environment.

John Hamann and Joann Knuth, MN Secondary School Principals Association, Dec. 5, 2008--Creative proposals for the future--Knuth highlighted a report published by MASSP entitled “A Bridge to High Learning: A New Vision for Minnesota’s High Schools in the Global Information Age.”  Its vision is that Minnesota secondary schools prepare every student to earn a credential or a degree at a postsecondary educational institution—whether it is a technical school, two- year college, or four-year college or university.  This is an ambitious goal, but necessary for maintaining the vitality of our state’s economy, according to Knuth.  The report details 10 building blocks that provide the framework for transition from schools that focus on postsecondary success for some students, to postsecondary success for all students.  (available online at www.massp.org)  “Minnesota’s Promise: World-Class Schools, World-Class State” is a report developed by a small group of superintendents in partnership with the Minneapolis Foundation and the University of Minnesota that identifies ten strategies for achieving world-class schools.  The “essential elements of high performance” are:

                 --Investment in early childhood education

                 --Emphasis on high quality teachers and principals

                 --Rigorous academic standards

                 --Involvement of parents and the community

                 --Support and involvement of all cultures

                 --Good data and research

                 --Funding that is predictable and sufficient

                 --Schedules and calendars to help all students reach high standards

                 --Strong support for special education

                 --Ensuring that students come to school physically ands mentally ready to

                    learn

Peter Hutchinson, president, Bush Foundation, Oct. 17, 2008--Increasing educational achievement—Over the next 10 years Bush has a goal of helping produce a 50 percent increase in the number of Minnesota youngsters on track to receive a degree after high school.  Today only 25 percent receive a post-high school degree.

            Bush’s emphasis isn’t about charter schools, childhood education, or curriculum redesign, all major reforms in their own right.  Bush’s focus is on the effectiveness of teaching, and nothing else.  Hutchinson said that over the last 50 years we’ve reduced the pupil-teacher ratio substantially, but we’ve not seen change in results.   He used as an example that fourth grade reading results are about the same today as they were 50 years ago. 

            Improvement in the effectiveness of teaching has at least four major components, the recruitment of prospective teachers, the education of prospective teachers, their placement in schools, and the support they receive once placed.  We know teaching matters, but we are less clear on the characteristics of effective teachers, he said. 

            We do know, he said, that 30 years ago more of the best and the brightest were entering teaching.  The overall intellectual quality of teachers has dropped considerably since then, he said.

            Much more can be done to recruit future teachers, he said, making reference to Teach for America, Inc., (http://www.teachforamerica.org/mission/index.htm) which is working to enlist the best of America’s future leaders to enter teaching. 

            In Minnesota twice as many persons are trained as teachers than there are jobs for them.   Moreover, one-half of those who do take teaching jobs are gone within five years.  Thus, Hutchinson said, we’re paying to train four teachers for ever one who still is on the job five years later.  A cynic might say that teacher-training tuition is going to support the higher education system, because volume matters over quality.

            We’ve been afraid to talk about the need to teacher quality issue, he said, but it is abundantly clear that 40 years ago the main occupations for high-ability college-trained women were education and nursing, which, of course, no longer is the case.

            The number of students entering teacher-training in Minnesota should be reduced by one-half.  The teacher-training institutions should guarantee the competence of their graduates.  Dollars saved by training fewer teachers can be invested in support of teachers once placed on the job.  Today, a new teacher once placed in a school, receives virtually no on-going support from the teacher’s higher education institution.  

            In response to a question, Hutchinson singled out Mike Miller, dean of education at Minnesota State University Mankato, as a leader on changing teacher-training. 

Peter Hutchinson, president, Bush Foundation, Oct. 17, 2008--Relevance of tenure in teaching—Returning to education, in response to a question Hutchinson said he never has felt that tenure is a problem.  Many tenured teachers, not fit to serve, were terminated when he was superintendent of the Minneapolis public schools, he said.  If you are only hiring effective teachers in the first place, you’ll not have a problem. 

Richard Oscarson and Fred Storti, school principals' association, Oct. 3, 2008--Need for national standards--Currently, under NCLB, each of the 50 states establishes its own agreement with the federal government based on each state's standards.  Minnesota's standards are higher than that of many other states, Storti said.  He suggested that the federal government could establish national standards for sciences, math and literacy.  States could supplement those standards as desired.  If you check out other countries such as Australia and the Scandinavian countries, you'll see nationalized curriculums.   In advocating national standards, Storti said he was speaking for himself and not stating an official position of MESPA, his principals' association.

            A Civic Caucus member inquired about the appropriate role for the federal government, given the major role that states play in education.  While states have constitutional responsibility for education, Storti and Oscarson said that the federal government must be involved in setting standards because of the importance of education in a global economy.         

 Fred Storti, school principals' association, Oct. 3, 2008—In response to a question about what school districts might do to economize without doing harm to education, Storti said—his opinion, not that of MESPA—that Minnesota could do with fewer school districts.  The state has 331 districts, of which 100 have fewer than 800 pupils.  But each district has its own superintendent and its own human resources staff along with other central administration.  You can keep the same number of individual schools while combining administrative units, he said.    The principal is the most critical individual in the school administration. 

Richard Oscarson and Fred Storti, school principals' association, Oct. 3, 2008  Need for a year-round school system—Speaking for themselves, Oscarson and Storti advocated that schools be organized year-round.   Students would attend perhaps 10-15 more days than they do now, but there’d be new ways of using resources more efficiently if you were working with a 12-month framework, they said.   Storti said education results are better as well.  Evidence elsewhere demonstrates that students enrolled in English as a second language programs do better in a year-round environment. 

Richard Oscarson and Fred Storti, school principals' association, Oct. 3, 2008--Encouraging innovation—A Civic Caucus member wondered whether school districts will automatically do a better job of innovation in helping students learn,  if there are fewer, but larger, administrative units, and if there is more funding.

Robert J. Brown, former state senator, Sept. 19, 2008--Importance of change in education--The discussion shifted from the elections process to education.   Citing problems with education of students in Minnesota, where some school systems have "imploded", Brown said the goal must be how to help children learn, not to protect the systems.   He said he is a strong advocate for competition.  Thus he is active in the charter schools movement.   He also believes much more must be done with early childhood learning. 

Robert J. Brown, former state senator, Sept. 19, 2008--Provide advocates for children--Every child needs an advocate, either parents or others who can step in where parents aren't advocating on behalf of their children.   Advocates can come from throughout the population, including youth and retired people.  Advocates must come from sources that are comfortable for the families involved.   Thus, they should come from neighborhood organizations where the families themselves participate or trust. 

            A Civic Caucus member said schools must make it easier for volunteers to come into the schools.  Currently, many people feel they are unwelcome--at least partly because of security measures.

Joe Graba, senior policy fellow, Education Evolving, July 25, 2008--  Turn to Disrupting Class, by Clayton M. Christensen--A full discussion of the change from standardized teacher-centered to customized student-centered learning is contained in a new book just published by McGraw Hill in 2008, titled Disrupting Class, Graba said. A co-author with Christensen is Curtis Johnson, an associate of Graba's at Education Evolving.  Not an author, but quoted in the book is Ted Kolderie, founder of Education Evolving.  

            Christensen, a professor of business administration at the Harvard Business School, had originated an idea of "disruptive innovation" in a 1997 business book.  Christensen applies that concept in his current book, Graba said.  Education Evolving has been working with Christensen since 2001. 

            Christensen contends that it's impossible for large systems to fundamentally change themselves, Graba said.  He outlined several examples from various business sectors where major change started slowly outside established businesses, but then gathered steam, disrupted the businesses, and in many cases, led to their demise.  One example was that of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), a mini-computer company that couldn't accommodate itself to the personal computer, Graba said. 

            Just such a change is beginning to occur in education today, Graba quoted Christensen as saying.  That change has its beginnings in what Christensen calls "the non-competitive" parts of education.    Some classes just can't be offered in standardized schools, so individual students are beginning to take advantage of online customized courses.   The movement has started slowly.   It's still imperfect, and much better software is needed.  Only 54,000 students were taking such individualized classes in 2001, but that number had grown to 1 million by 2007, and Christensen projects that 50 percent of all elementary and secondary students could be receiving such individualized learning by 2018.

 Joe Graba, senior policy fellow, Education Evolving, July 25, 2008--Why change can't happen from the inside--Returning to the example of DEC, Graba said that the corporation was making 40 to 45 percent profit on large computers, so the culture of the corporation made it impossible to comprehend much smaller margins on personal computers--which at that time still were in their infancy.   Moreover, DEC customers wouldn't have permitted such a change.

            The same circumstances exist within education, Graba said.  The system favors the people who do the best, and they, including parents of the children who succeed as well as their school systems, resist change.   We can't expect that schools today will change from organizing themselves around teaching to organizing themselves around learning, he said.   

            Think, Graba said, about a school curriculum.   It's neatly divided among specific courses, all of which begin and end at the same time.   If one-third of the students in a class could do all the class work by December, they need to patiently wait out the rest of the year for everyone else.  Those students who need more than a September-May school year, just get pushed ahead, irrespective of whether they learned the material or not. 

Joe Graba, senior policy fellow, Education Evolving, July 25, 2008--  Interest from struggling school districts--Graba said that he and Bob Wedl, a former Minnesota Commissioner of Education now an Education Evolving associate, are working with an out state school district that has lost 300 students to surrounding districts under open enrollment.   The question is whether such a school district can customize learning for students, along the Chrsitensen model, he said.  The customized school will call for a radically different organization of teachers and students. 

Joe Graba, senior policy fellow, Education Evolving, July 25, 2008--Disruptive technologies are imperfect in early years--The disruptive technology of customized learning still lacks quality in many respects, Graba said.  That is almost always the case, he said, using again the analogy of the personal computer replacing the mini-computer.

Joe Graba, senior policy fellow, Education Evolving, July 25, 2008--Importance of motivating children to learn--Referring again to Christensen's book, Graba said that  students need to be internally motivated to learn, rather than simply being externally motivated by others.   It's not possible to develop excellence through regulation or command. 

 Joe Graba, senior policy fellow, Education Evolving, July 25, 2008-- Some openness to change among educators--Asked whether organizations of teachers, superintendents, principals or school boards will be supporting change, Graba replied that some individuals, rather than the organizations themselves, will be supportive.   Most organizations aren't change oriented, he said.   Unless public education finds a way to be fully involved in moving from standardization to customization, it already might be too late for the public education system to survive, he said. 

State Sen. Larry Pogemiller, Dec. 13, 2007--Education not changing quickly enough--Asked to expand on his point about difficulty in responding quickly to problems, Pogemiller said K-12 education is the best example.  K-12 education was built to last, but it has not changed quickly enough to meet the changing needs of children.

former Gov. Al Quie, Sept. 30, 2005--Low expectations in schools--Quie bemoans the high drop out rate in some school districts.  Teachers seem to have low expectations of their pupils in many such districts.   Many citizens don't realize the impact that low expectations has on children.

former Gov. Al Quie, Sept. 30, 2005--When referendums should be held--Quie said that when there's legislative gridlock, he'd support a limited initiative-referendum process.  He does not support the requirements for referendums in School Districts, especially for additional operating expenses.   School Board members should have the authority to increase property taxes.  Quie would have no problem with school boards making the decision if the school district fit the needs of the kids in the locality.    He's less certain that such authority should exist in large school districts.

former Gov. Al Quie, Sept. 30, 2005--How to inform and educate our young people on government--Quie agreed that it is a shame that children seem to get most of their information from television.  Quie, said he has serious problems with "post-modern" thought that encourages thinking with your feelings.  We need to work on increasing rational thought.   Schools also ought to teach history without running it through social science. 

John Brandl, professor, Humphrey Institute, Sept. 14, 2005--Improving the educational system--Brandl was asked, in light of the founding fathers' interest in an informed citizenry, how we can accomplish such an objective today.  Kids get most of their information from TV, which is a national media system.   Brandl agreed that this is a serious problem.